Foreword ......................................................................................... 5

Introduction to Descriptive English Syntax…………………. ..........7

I Classification of Sentences .................................................................9

1.1. Criteria of Classification ......................................................... 9

1.2. Compound Sentences ......................................................... 13

1.3. Complex Sentences ............................................................. 19

Exercises ............................................................................... 26

II Nominal Clauses .................................................................................. 35

2.1. Subject Clauses ............................................................................35

2.2. Predicative Clauses ......................................................................41

2.3. Object Clauses ..............................................................................42

Exercises ............................................................................... 54

Revision Exercises .............................................................. 64

III. Relative – Attributive Clauses ........................................................ 71

3.1. Restrictive/Defining Relative Clauses .................................. 71

3.2. Non-Restrictive/Non-Defining Relative Clauses .................. 78

3.3. Appositive Attributive Clauses ............................................. 80

3.4. Introductory Emphatic Sentences (Cleft Sentences) ........... 82

Exercises ............................................................................ 84

IV. Adverbial Clauses .............................................................................94

4.1. Adverbial Clauses of Time ..................................................... 94

4.2. Adverbial Clauses of Place....................................................99

4.3. Adverbial Clauses of Manner ..............................................100

4.4. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison ................................. 103

4.5. Adverbial Clauses of Cause/Reason .................................105

4.6. Adverbial Clauses of Concession .......................................108

4.7. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose .............................................112

4.8. Adverbial Clauses of Result ................................................115

4.9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition ...........................................118

4.10. Adverbial Clauses of Exception .........................................127

4.11. Adverbial Clauses of Relation ............................................127

Exercises ..................................................................... 128

4 Revision Exercises ....................................................... 161

V. Direct and Indirect Speech ............................................................ 171

5.1. Changes in the deictic categories ................................... .171

5.2. Syntactic changes ........................................................... 177

5.3. Free Indirect Speech ........................................................ 183

Exercise ........................................................................... 184

VI Pro-forms ............................................................................................ 194

6.1. Pro-forms for Noun Phrases ............................................ 194

6.2. Pro-Forms for Adverbials (Pro-Adverbials) ....................... 195

6.3. Pro-Forms for Predicates and Predication (Pro-Verbs) .... 196

6.4. Pro-Forms for Clauses .................................................... 198

Exercises .......................................................................... 200

List of authors ........................................................................................ 203

Bibliography ........................................................................................... 205